Grand Canyon University (GCU) offers diverse minor degree programs for traditional ground campus students. Earned in conjunction with your major degree, a minor allows you to specialize in an academic area and gain a competitive advantage for tomorrow's workforce. Across colleges, students learn under the close attention of expert faculty, in classroom environments that cultivate higher ethics and our Christian Worldview.
Discover the extensive offerings of our university and enrich your education with a minor degree.
The Colangelo College of Business educates and develops values-driven business leaders. With a depth of minor degree programs, you can build skillsets relevant for tomorrow's workforce while learning the principles of servant leadership and entrepreneurism. Whether you are looking to improve your management skills, strengthen your communication or establish a business of your own, a minor from the Colangelo College of Business will complement your future goals. Discover which minor degrees are available now.
Minor in Accounting - 20 Credits
A minor in accounting includes a focus on accounting principles and theories necessary for preparing financial statements in the United States. Explore auditing standards, the procedures involved in the auditing process and ethical issues faced by auditors. Study the theories and practices of preparing income taxes of corporations, partnerships, estates, trusts and individuals. In addition, learn the principles of cost accounting, including job order systems, process costing, activity-based costing and budgeting.
Financial Accounting (ACC-250)
Managerial Accounting (ACC-350)
Intermediate Accounting I (ACC-370)
Intermediate Accounting II (ACC-371)
Cost Accounting (ACC-360)
Minor in Business Administration - 32 Credits
Minor in business administration students are provided with the knowledge to build quantitative business skills such as accounting, economics, statistics, finance and marketing. Study finance and accounting theories and principles, including corporate balance sheets and financial statements, and the use of managerial accounting data in the decision-making process. Explore managerial concepts for both manufacturing and service industries, including how an understanding of organizational behavior leads to effective management practice.
Introduction to Economics (ECN-220)
Intermediate Economics (ECN-360)
Financial Accounting (ACC-250)
Managerial Accounting (ACC-350)
Fundamentals of Business Finance (FIN-350)
Intermediate Finance (FIN-450)
Principles of Marketing (MKT-245)
Marketing Management (MKT-450)
Minor in Business Management - 20 Credits
For individuals interested in the organizational, people-oriented skills of management, GCU offers a minor in business management. You are provided with the skills required to be a global citizen, critical thinker and responsible leader in today's global economy. Focus on key functional areas such as organizational behavior and management, servant leadership, human resources management, accounting, finance and marketing. Receive information on the approaches to organizational development with an emphasis on the practical aspects of changing organizations to improve effectiveness.
Servant Leadership (MGT-410)
Organizational Behavior and Management (MGT-420)
Human Resources (MGT-434)
Intrapreneurship and Innovation (ENT-435)
Organizational Change and Development (MGT-492)
Minor in Entrepreneurial Studies - 16 Credits
For creative and innovative individuals who are looking to function as entrepreneurs in their own business or in creative roles within organizations, GCU offers a minor in entrepreneurial studies. Entrepreneurship is not just about starting a new business, but also about recognizing opportunity and leading an organization to pursue it. The minor in entrepreneurial studies degree is built on the principles of personal integrity, values and innovation, and addresses key business areas including servant leadership, innovation and entrepreneurial spirit.
Public Relations and Networking Skills (ENT-320)
New Venture Financing (ENT-420)
Intrapreneurship and Innovation (ENT-435)
Business Planning for Entrepreneurs (ENT-445)
Minor in Finance and Economics - 28 Credits
For those interested in a career in corporate finance, banking, insurance or investment companies, GCU offers a minor in finance and economics. Coursework encompasses areas such as finance, economics, statistics, financial and managerial accounting, marketing, investments and portfolio management. Study international trade and finance while exploring the interrelationships between the international monetary environment and financial planning for corporations with overseas operations. Focus on developing business and leadership skills that address the areas of servant leadership, innovation and entrepreneurial spirit.
Introduction to Economics (ECN-220)
Intermediate Economics (ECN-360)
Financial Accounting (ACC-250)
Fundamentals of Business Finance (FIN-350)
Intermediate Finance (FIN-450)
Investments and Portfolio Management (FIN-451)
International Trade and Finance (ECN-450)
Minor in General Business - 20 Credits
A Minor in General Business provides students with a foundation in business knowledge and skills focusing on the areas of economics, marketing, management, organizational behavior, entrepreneurship, accounting and finance. This minor complements any non-CCOB major with an emphasis on supporting career-readiness for students. You will survey marketing concepts, as well as engage in microeconomic, macroeconomic and international economics topics. This minor also introduces you to fundamental principles and practices of financial accounting, and how understanding organizational behavior leads to effective management practice.
Principles of Marketing (MKT-245)
Intrapreneurship and Innovation (ENT-435)
Introduction to Economics (ECN-220)
Financial Accounting (ACC-250)
Organizational Behavior and Management (MGT-420)
Minor in Marketing - 20 Credits
A minor in marketing addresses topics such as marketing principles, strategic management and the key elements of advertising and public relations. Study buyer and consumer behavior using a scientific approach that examines distinct buyer strategies and decision-making processes of purchase by organizational buyers and consumers. Learn about business research processes and the research documents used as tools to aid in managerial decision-making. Topics include designing research projects, collecting primary and secondary data, conducting ethical research, applying statistical tools and measurement techniques, developing a marketing plan and reporting the research in both written and oral presentation formats.
Principles of Marketing (MKT-245)
Buyer and Consumer Behavior (MKT-345)
Promotion and Advertising (MKT 415)
Marketing Research and Reporting (MKT-445)
Marketing Management (MKT-450)
Minor in Military Service (ROTC)
The U.S. Armed Forces are more sophisticated than ever, demanding well-educated personnel. To meet this demand, GCU offers a robust and relevant education designed specifically for Army and Air Force military service students. Pursue an Army or Air Force minor to sharpen your abilities in team leadership, military history, defense policy and other key areas.
Army ROTC Minor Courses - 27 credits
Introduction to Leadership and Personal Development (MSL-101)
Introduction to Tactical Leadership (MSL-102)
Innovative Team Leadership (MSL-201)
Foundation of Tactical Leadership (MSL-202)
Adaptive Team Leadership (MSL-301)
Applied Team Leadership (MSL-302)
Adaptive Leadership (MSL-401)
Leadership in a Complex World (MSL-402)
American Military History (HIS-231)
Minor in Sports Management - 24 Credits
A minor in sports management prepares you to specialize in professional sports marketing, sports media, amateur and professional athletics and sports and entertainment event planning. Coursework for this degree focuses on developing key business skills with specific application to the sports industry. Gain an introduction to event planning for athletic, recreational, entertainment and special events with an emphasis on budgeting, site selection, sponsorship and facility management. Explore the basic legal system and principles of professional and amateur sports. Examine marketing concepts as they apply to sports organizations, covering topics such as promotions, public relations and sponsorship.
Introduction to Sports Management (BUS-232)
Principles of Marketing (MKT-245)
Sports Marketing (MKT-373)
Ethical and Legal Issues in Business (BUS-340)
Sports Law (BUS-364)
Sports Event Planning (BUS-372)
Across the College of Fine Arts and Production, our minor degree programs offer an integrated approach to performance, music, dance, film and the visual arts. Train collaboratively with other students under the close guidance of seasoned instructors while enhancing your creativity, confidence and performance abilities. Learn how to apply your talents professionally, as well as through servant leadership and community outreach. Explore your options below for the minor to best suit your ambitions.
Minor in Dance - 19 Credits
The minor in dance provides students with the opportunity to enhance their major program of study with an artistic form that promotes self-development, interpersonal skills, innovation and collaboration. Explore the creative process from rehearsal to live performance. GCU's dance program has a triple-track design, offering jazz, ballet and modern/contemporary dance technique.
Introduction to Ballet Technique (DAN-100)
Introduction to Jazz Technique (DAN-101)
Introduction to Modern Technique (DAN-120)
Improvisation for Dance (DAN-210)
Ballet II (DAN-250)
Jazz II (DAN-260)
Modern II (DAN-270)
Vernacular Dance: Tap I (DAN-312)
Vernacular Dance: Urban & Hip Hop I (DAN-313)
Dance History I (DAN-315)
Dance Kinesiology and Injury Prevention (DAN-355)
Choreography I: Space and Time/Design and Dance (DAN-385)
Minor in Digital Design - 24 Credits
Students pursuing a minor in digital design learn to plan, analyze and create visual solutions. This program focuses on the development of creativity, communication and problem-solving skills that demonstrate critical thinking and ethical leadership. Dive into topics such as design theory and application, including color, typography, illustration, photography and composition principles necessary to prepare print or Web-based design. Create interactive computer graphics using technologies standard in the computer graphics and design industries.
Design Fundamentals (DDN-110)
Designing with Type (DDN-210)
2D Animation Design (DDN-220)
Web Design I (DDN-300)
History of Design (DDN-340)
Business for the Design Professional (DDN-400)
Minor in Digital Film - 20 Credits
The minor in digital film is designed to produce leaders in the fields of narrative film and video production. The program is built on developing a strong foundation in narrative storytelling, technical skills and the hands-on experience necessary to design and deliver powerful messages. Learn the historic, written and technical aspects of filmmaking and take advantage of opportunities to collaborate with other students on original productions offered by the College of Fine Arts and Production.
Introduction to Cinema: History and Aesthetics (DFP-101)
Digital Video Production I (DFP-111)
Screenwriting I (COM-221)
Nonlinear Editing (DFP-225)
Cinema Directing (DFP-331)
Minor in Music - Instrumental - 24 Credits
The minor in music provides a balanced program of applied music, theoretical and historical studies, professional education studies and ensemble experiences. An emphasis is placed on contemporary music with varied instrumental training. The music program, in conjunction with the theatre program, produces the University Theatre Series, which presents major productions annually. Auditions for these productions are open to the entire student body.
Music Theory I (MUS-125)
Music Theory II (MUS-155)
Music History II (MUS-365)
Applied Instruction (MBE, MIE, MSE or MWE)
Four Semesters of Music Ensemble
Instrumental Techniques: Low Brass (MED-200)
Instrumental Techniques: High Brass (MED-205)
Instrumental Techniques: Clarinet and Saxophone (MED-210)
Instrumental Techniques: Double Reeds and Flutes (MED-215)
Minor in Music - Piano - 24 Credits
The minor in music with an emphasis in piano provides a balanced program of applied music, theoretical and historical studies, professional education studies and ensemble experiences. An emphasis is placed on contemporary music with training designed to meet the varying needs of today‛s performers. Piano recitals are a staple of the musical landscape at GCU. The music education program, in conjunction with the theatre program, produces the University Theatre Series, which presents a series of major productions annually. Auditions these productions are open to the entire student body.
Music Theory I (MUS-125)
Music Theory II (MUS-155)
Music History II (MUS-365)
Applied Instruction/Private Piano Study (MAP)
Four Semesters of Music Ensemble (MEN)
Piano Literature I (MUS-370)
Piano Literature II (MUS-377)
Minor in Music - Vocal - 24 Credits
The minor in music with an emphasis in vocal curriculum provides a balanced program of applied music, theoretical and historical studies, professional education studies and ensemble experiences. An emphasis is placed on contemporary music with training designed to meet the varying needs of today‛s performers. Choir concerts and vocal recitals are staples of the musical landscape at GCU. The music education program, in conjunction with the theatre program, produces the University Theatre Series, which presents a series of major productions annually. Auditions these productions are open to the entire student body.
Music Theory I (MUS-125)
Music Theory II (MUS-155)
Music Appreciation (MUS-210)
Applied Instruction/Private Voice Study (MVA)
Four Semesters of Music Ensemble
Song Literature I (MUS-375)
Song Literature II (MUS-376)
Minor in Theatre - 24 Credits
GCU is known for its outstanding theatre programs. Earn a minor in theatre and enjoy a uniquely cooperative approach to the fine arts. Prepare for a future where you will be able to apply your performance and production skills across a variety of disciplines. Take part in the University Theatre Series in numerous capacities and explore the creative process from rehearsal to live performance. Our global approach to theatre education training helps you become multi-faceted and prepares you to succeed in today's marketplace.
Stagecraft (TRE-130)
Acting I (TRE-145)
Stage Direction (TRE-439)
One of the following two courses:
Theatre History I: Greek to Restoration (TRE-325)
Theatre History II: 18th Century to Present (TRE-330)
One of the following two courses:
Dramatic Literature I (TRE-335)
Dramatic Literature II (TRE-339)
One of the following two courses:
Fundamentals of Theatrical Design (TRE-245)
Stage Lighting and Design (TRE-475)
The College of Humanities and Social Sciences blends the study of traditional humanities into a modern context, challenging you to become a deep and critical thinker. Minor degree programs within our college will help you refine your ability to research, read, write and think your way through complex issues, gaining the tangible skills to offer real-world solutions. Our minor programs embrace GCU's Christian heritage, promoting the spirit of servant leadership and creating broad communities within which you may serve.
Minor in Behavioral Health Sciences - 20 Credits
The minor in behavioral health sciences provides a foundational knowledge in understanding diagnosis, writing reports and working on integrative health teams. This minor coordinates well with theoretical backgrounds in psychology, sociology, communications and ministry. The interplay of theory and practical skills will allow the student to market their knowledge to a wider audience of employers. It will help students prepare for careers in behavioral health settings such as community and private organizations. This minor does not lead to licensure.
Introduction to Counseling Theories (PCN-107)
Group Dynamics and Process (BHS-240)
Ethics of Behavioral Health Science (BHS-320)
Culture and Social Diversity in Behavioral Health (BHS-330)
Report Writing, Research and Information Literacy in Behavioral Health (BHS-350)
Minor in Communication - 16 Credits
The minor in communication provides a knowledge base of the theory of communication, as well as how to speak, write and think critically—skills employers are looking for in any profession. This minor focuses on the effects of communication for the development of a whole person, socially, culturally and professionally. You will develop skills for participation and leadership in small group settings, as well as understand conflict communication, the negotiation process and organizational theory and application topics relevant to corporate communication. This minor helps prepare you for careers in business, government, education, science and health care.
Fundamentals of Communication (COM-100)
Small Group Communication (COM-222)
Conflict and Negotiation (COM-312)
Organizational Communication (COM-456)
Minor in Counseling - 16 Credits
The minor in counseling provides foundational knowledge in theoretical models of counseling, as well as addiction and substance use disorders. You will explore topics related to substance use, such as biopsychosocial dynamics, impact of addiction, prevention and intervention. This minor equips you with a basic understanding of practitioner skills for assessment, report writing, treatment planning, case management and crisis intervention. In the writing intensive course, you will examine professional responsibilities, from treatment to licensure. This minor complements psychology, sociology, communications and ministry in relation to the behavioral health field. This minor does not lead to licensure.
Foundations of Addiction and Substance Use Disorders (PCN-100)
Introduction to Counseling Theories (PCN-107)
Case Management and Crisis Skills for Addiction and Substance (PCN-225)
Prof, Legal & Ethical Issues - Addiction & Substance Use Disorder (PCN-404)
Minor in Literature - 16 Credits
The minor in literature provides students with enhanced preparation for graduate work in literature or a career in teaching literature at the post-secondary level. You will explore the British tradition from its foundational texts to modern works (including the Romantic, Victorian and Modernist Eras, American literature from its beginnings to the present, major works of drama from Ancient Greece to the 20th Century and representative plays by William Shakespeare). Areas of study include cultural context, literary techniques and concepts, narratives of cultural encounter and an understanding of themes and genres. This minor complements English, professional writing, communication and history majors.
Foundational Texts of British Literature (ENG-357)
Transatlantic Literature (ENG-359)
American Encounter Narratives (ENG-360)
Shakespeare and the History of Drama (ENG-451)
Minor in Pre-Law - 16 credits
The pre-law minor provides you with exposure to major concepts of the law, which include the philosophical underpinnings of the Western legal tradition, civil law, criminal law and the practice of law. This foundation of legal thought is an ideal preparation for law school or a legal career path for students who desire to get a head start in their understanding of the framework of law.
Philosophy of Law (GOV-357)
Civil Law (GPV-360)
Criminal Law (JUS-430)
Practice of Law (GOV-455)
Minor in Professional Writing - 16 Credits
Understand fundamental techniques for communicating complex ideas, including instructional, journalistic or scientific concepts with a minor in professional writing. Students will develop skills in writing and editing that can be applied to a broad range of careers, including public relations, journalism, creative writing and technical writing.
Writing for Advertising and PR - (ENG 381)
Multi-Media Journalism in the 21st Century (ENG 365)
Technical Writing (ENG 466)
Communicating Scientific Ideas to Popular Audiences (ENG 456)
Minor in Psychology - 20 Credits
The minor in psychology introduces students to the study of human behavior as it relates to every stage of development. Students examine the roles of science and research in understanding and enhancing mental health through coursework in personality, health, culture and clinical contexts of the field. This minor prepares students to apply expertise in behavior and cognition to a wide variety of fields, ranging from education to health care, counseling, management, law and communications.
General Psychology (PSY 102)
Personality Psychology (PSY 255)
Health Psychology (PSY 352)
Social Psychology and Cultural Applications (PSY 362)
Abnormal Psychology (PSY 470)
Minor in Social Work - 16 Credits
Learn the skills needed to improve the welfare of individuals, families and communities within the minor in social work. This minor provides added benefit to students enrolled in programs such as nursing, psychology, Christian studies, counseling and other disciplines which involve human behavior and wellness management. Students receive a strong introduction to the techniques and practices that are vital to social work practice.
Introduction to Social Work (SOC 372)
Human Behavior and the Social Environment (SOC 386)
Case Management (SOC 445)
Direct Practice (SOC 449)
Minor in Spanish - 24 Credits
Our minor in Spanish is designed to help you develop an intermediate level of fluency in listening, speaking, reading and writing Spanish. Receive a general introduction to Spanish culture and literature, enhance cross-cultural sensibilities and benefit from new opportunities in the job market.
Intermediate Spanish I (SPA 214)
Intermediate Spanish II (SPA 224)
Spanish Conversation (SPA 309)
Spanish Composition and Grammar (SPA 310)
Contemporary Issues (SPA 320)
Introduction to Literature in Spanish (SPA 341)
With the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) professions in high demand, the College of Science, Engineering and Technology offers minor degree programs geared toward the competitive workforce of the 21st century. The STEM curriculum is built upon the collaborative efforts of academics and industry partners, leveraging the professional ethics inspired by our Christian worldview. Each minor program provides a platform for innovation, cross-disciplinary exposure and the development of essential workplace skills.
Minor in Athletic Coaching - 24 Credits
The minor in athletic coaching is intended to assist the future teacher, fitness professional or other professional who wishes to coach interscholastic, intercollegiate or other sports teams in all aspects of preparation for competition.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology (BIO 155)
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lab (BIO 155L)
Care, Treatment, and Prevention of Athletic Injuries (EXS 214)
Care, Treatment, and Prevention of Athletic Injuries Lab (EXS 214L)
Theory, Philosophy, and Principles of Coaching (PED 337)
Choose any three of the following courses:
Coaching Baseball: Theory and Practice (PED 325)
Coaching Basketball: Theory and Practice (PED 326)
Coaching Volleyball: Theory and Practice (PED 327)
Coaching Softball: Theory and Practice (PED 328)
Coaching Soccer: Theory and Practice (PED 329)
Minor in DB-Driven Web-Based Applications Development - 16 Credits
The minor in DB-driven Web-based applications development offers expanding opportunities for students to learn database programming skills. This minor is applicable to any major and provides the requisite knowledge that aligns with a certificate in PHP/MySQL Programming. Enhancing your knowledge in computer programming, this minor provides you with the skills to build user interfaces and web applications, design/deploy database-driven websites, design/implement MySQL databases and use the cloud as an infrastructure for services.
Database Application Programming I (CST-126)
Database Application Programming II (CST-236)
Database Application Programming III (CST-256)
Cloud Computing (CST-323)
Minor in E-Business Applications Development - 16 Credits
The minor in e-business applications development offers expanding opportunities for students to learn in-demand programming skills. This minor is applicable to any major and provides the requisite knowledge that aligns with a certificate in Java Programming. Enhancing your knowledge in computer programming, this minor focuses on object-oriented techniques in Java, software development using the Java programming language and building applications using software engineering methods. You will also learn concepts, tools and frameworks of Open Source software development.
Computer Programming I (CST-105)
Computer Programming II (CST-135)
Computer Programming III (CST-235)
Design Patterns in Java (CST-361)
Minor in Enterprise Applications Development - 16 Credits
The minor in enterprise applications development offers expanding opportunities for students to gain a competitive edge with high-demand programming skills. This minor is applicable to any major and provides the requisite knowledge that aligns with a certificate in C#.NET Programming. Enhancing your knowledge in computer programming, this minor focuses on fundamentals of C# programming and the .NET platform, advanced features of the C# programming language, building complex enterprise applications and the development of Web applications using ASP.NET and C#. You will also learn concepts, tools and frameworks of Open Source software development.
Enterprise Applications Programming I (CST-117)
Enterprise Applications Programming II (CST-227)
Enterprise Applications Programming III (CST-247)
Open Source Computing (CST-341)
Minor in Pre-Medicine - 36 Credits
Our minor in pre-medicine includes the standard science coursework required for admission into most graduate medical programs. It provides the foundational concepts that would be covered in any entrance exam (i.e. MCAT, PCAT, DAT, OAT). While the coursework defined in this minor covers the standard science courses required by almost all graduate programs, schools may have additional requirements for admission. It is strongly recommended that you do some investigation into the admission requirements of the specific graduate programs that you are considering.
General Biology I (BIO-181)
General Biology I Lab (BIO-181L)
General Biology II (BIO-182)
General Biology II Lab (BIO 182L)
General Chemistry I (CHM-113L)
General Chemistry I Lab (CHM-113L)
General Chemistry II (CHM-115)
General Chemistry II Lab (CHM-115L)
Organic Chemistry I (CHM-231)
Organic Chemistry I Lab (CHM-231L)
Organic Chemistry II (CHM-232)
Organic Chemistry II Lab (CHM-232L)
Principles of Biochemistry (CHM-360)
Principles of Biochemistry Lab (CHM-360L)
General Physics I (PHY-111)
General Physics I Lab (PHY-111L)
General Physics II (PHY-112)
General Physics II Lab (PHY-112L)
GCU offers a variety of minor degree programs across the College of Theology. These programs prepare you for ministry and service through a deep biblical, theological and spiritual education. Our faculty is committed to helping you formulate your call to ministry by exploring the various directions that a call may take, while helping you develop character and integrity in all aspects of life.
Earned in conjunction with a major degree, our minors provide a well-rounded education within specific areas that may be of professional interest to you. Discover your College of Theology minor degree options below.
Minor in Christian Studies - 16 credits
A minor in Christian studies offers you a basic understanding of the Bible and theology. Gain ethical knowledge while exploring the virtues and habits that shape Christian character and morality. This minor complements foundational teachings introduced in the Christian worldview foundational course, with an emphasis on discipline and character development.
Old Testament Survey (BIB-106)
New Testament Survey (BIB-107)
Christian Character Formation (MIN-320)
Christian Ethics (HTH-330)
Minor in Philosophy - 16 credits
A minor in philosophy introduces students to philosophical studies in the key areas of knowledge and reality, ethics and philosophy of religion. The program complements foundational teachings addressed in Christian worldview by providing students with competencies necessary to effectively engage in ethical and philosophical discourse. You will analyze and assess ideas and ethical systems, as well as express those understandings to others.
Introduction to Philosophy and Ethics (PHI-103)
Knowledge and Reality (PHI-301)
Applied Ethics (APHI-307)
Philosophy of Religion (PHI-403)
Minor in Biblical Studies - 20 credits
A minor in biblical studies provides you with basic knowledge of the Bible and ability to interpret Scripture effectively. Coursework surveys the Bible, introduces principles and practices for sound interpretation and applies interpretive skills to major divisions of the Bible. This minor is designed for students in any major who want to understand the Bible more fully and learn to interpret it faithfully.
Old Testament Survey (BIB-106)
New Testament Survey (BIB-107)
Biblical Interpretation (BIB-355)
Old Testament Exegesis: Pentateuch (BIB-350)
New Testament Exegesis: Gospels and Acts (BIB-360)
Minor in Worship Arts - 20 credits
A minor in worship arts helps you learn biblical theology while exploring historical and contemporary approaches to worship. Gain the knowledge and ability to serve as an effective worship leader within the church and other Christian worship environments. Learn relevant practices and skillsets pertaining to a career in the worship arts while connecting with others through transformative experiences such as Worship Summit.
Christian Theology I (HTH-201)
Christian Theology II (HTH-202)
Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs (WSA-321)
Theology of Worship (WSA-322)
Worship Leadership (WSA-423)
Freshman Worship Summit (WSA-161)
Sophomore Worship Summit (WSA-261)