Written By
Nicole Sonnier
Digital Content Specialist,
Grand Canyon Education
Explore essential counseling techniques and skills for aspiring counselors, featuring expert insights from Dr. Melissa Galica. Learn how evidence-based methods like CBT, DBT and narrative therapy combine empathy and professionalism to foster healing.
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Approved and verified accurate by the CMHC Program Chair and Assistant Professor of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences on Sept. 25, 2025.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Grand Canyon University. Any sources cited were accurate as of the publish date.
Before exploring specific therapeutic methods, it’s important to understand the foundational language of counseling:
Together, counseling approaches, techniques and skills form a practical toolkit for counselors. Approaches represent the “why,” techniques represent the “what,” and skills represent the “how” throughout the counseling process. When these elements are developed in tandem, counselors can better meet clients’ diverse needs, ensuring compassionate and culturally sensitive interventions in a supportive environment.
Counseling goes beyond mere conversation; it’s an evidence-based practice grounded in empathy, strategy and human connection. The most effective counselors skillfully combine therapeutic approaches with personal qualities to help clients navigate life’s challenges.
This post will explore counseling techniques and highlight the essential skills every aspiring counselor should develop. We will also draw on insights from licensed counselor and Grand Canyon University counselor educator, Dr. Melissa Galica, PhD, LPC, who brings years of clinical experience and a dedication to educating future counselors.
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Counseling techniques offer a framework for counseling, but it is both the techniques and the counselor’s interpersonal skills that activate these models. These essential, teachable abilities foster meaningful relationships and create safe spaces for client growth.
Active listening involves more than just hearing words; it requires being fully present, paying attention to nonverbal cues, and reflecting on what the client shares. To practice active listening, try paraphrasing by saying things like, “What I hear you saying is this” or using minimal encouragers such as “Go on” or “I see” to show engagement.
When counseling someone, active listening helps them feel understood, which can foster greater trust. Dr. Galica emphasizes that active listening should become second nature, something you “just have in your back pocket every day.” She describes it as a “human superpower” that you can apply across counseling contexts and in everyday life.
Empathy enables counselors to connect with their clients on a human level, while emotional intelligence helps them manage their reactions and remain attuned to the emotions of others. Aspiring counselors should engage in perspective-taking and self-awareness exercises to enhance their emotional insight.
In trauma counseling, empathy helps clients feel validated without being overwhelmed by their counselor’s emotional responses. Counselors may encounter clients whose experiences they find difficult to understand; Dr. Galica advises that in such cases, it’s important to ask questions and express, “I just don’t get it.”
Healthy boundaries protect the counselor and the client and ensure ethical practice. Skilled counselors clearly communicate the limits of each session, confidentiality exceptions and their role in the counseling process. When counseling families, for example, establishing boundaries is important for maintaining neutrality and preventing triangulation among family members.
Trust is the foundation of any therapeutic relationship. Without trust, clients may withhold important information or disengage from the process. Counselors are taught to communicate in a clear, nonjudgmental and authentic manner.
These skills aren’t just theoretical; they are practiced, refined and embodied throughout your education. To become an effective counselor, you must learn to balance technique with humanity while always striving to meet clients with compassion and unconditional positive regard.
At the core of counseling are not just approaches, techniques and skills, but also the personal qualities of the counselor. The most effective counselors embody traits that foster trust, safety and transformation. These qualities are expressed in a genuine manner and often take time to develop.
Patience: Counseling is seldom a quick fix. Progress can be slow, nonlinear and emotionally complex. Patience allows counselors to honor the client’s pace, creating space for authentic growth without imposing pressure or judgment.
Integrity: Ethical decision-making and honesty are fundamental to professional counseling. Integrity builds credibility and ensures that clients feel safe sharing their most vulnerable experiences.
Cultural sensitivity: Effective counselors acknowledge and respect the diverse backgrounds, values and identities of their clients. Cultural sensitivity helps avoid bias and strengthens the therapeutic alliance.
Resilience: Counselors often deal with intense emotions, trauma and crises. Personal resilience helps them stay grounded and avoid burnout. A resilient counselor models healthy coping mechanisms and maintains emotional availability for their clients.
Counseling utilizes various evidence-based approaches. Whether supporting clients through depression, anxiety or trauma, the techniques employed can make a profound difference in your clients’ outcomes. Traditional therapeutic models have long been foundational in clinical practice, used in various settings from professional private practice to mental health clinics, hospitals, telehealth and schools. These approaches include:
CBT is a structured, goal-oriented approach that helps clients identify and reframe negative thought patterns. It is grounded in the principle that thoughts, emotions and behaviors are deeply interconnected — by shifting how someone 
thinks, we can influence how they feel and act. Because of its clarity and effectiveness, CBT is widely used in school counseling, clinical settings, and even during brief interventions.
Dr. Galicia says, “This approach is common because it’s natural.” She further explains, “You’re trying to change the cognition to change the behavior.” This intuitive process resonates with many clients, especially young people, who benefit from learning how to challenge automatic negative thoughts and replace them with more constructive ones. CBT techniques often include journaling, role-playing, and thought-tracking exercises that help clients build self-awareness and foster resilience.
DBT is a structured and evidence-based approach initially developed to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder. However, it is now widely used to address a variety of emotional and behavioral challenges, including trauma, anxiety and self-harm. DBT helps clients regulate intense emotions, enhance interpersonal relationships and develop healthier coping strategies.
This therapeutic model combines cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness practices. According to Dr. Galica, “Dialectic [DBT] talks about the words you say to yourself to help you try to change the behavior.” Dr. Galica calls DBT the sister to CBT and is often used together because “sometimes you need to hear the way you talk to yourself to change the cognition in your brain, to change the behavior.”
Narrative therapy is a collaborative approach that empowers individuals to see themselves as the authors of their own lives. It helps clients reframe their personal stories to reveal strength, resilience and possibilities while separating the individual from the problem.
Using storytelling as a therapeutic tool, the counselor and client work together to externalize the issue, explore dominant narratives, and create alternative stories that align with the client’s values and aspirations. Dr. Galica explains this as letting your clients “tell the story.” She advises her clients to ensure they “navigate that story to keep it on the rails.”
Dr. Galica sees artificial intelligence continuing to play a role in counseling. For instance, counselors are directing sessions, but AI opens the door to assist them with methods such as play therapy. AI can allow counselors to help their clients develop characters with the technology.
One technique, in particular — the “empty chair” — can be used with these characters in a modern way. The traditional method was to have a client speak to the person they conflict with, pretending they are in the empty chair. Dr. Galica discusses, “I can have AI characters replicate that to make them feel more comfortable than speaking to an empty chair.”
She also posits using AI to create “environments where you are immersive as the avatar to get into the trauma.” This can help clients who may have difficulty going through the process of opening up, because they are not actively in the environment and the trauma, but merely witnessing it.
As Dr. Galica emphasizes, the most effective counselors remain flexible and curious and draw from a broad spectrum of approaches to tailor their practice to each client. Counselors use these techniques to foster healing, growth and resilience.
If you’re ready to transform your passion for helping others into a career, Grand Canyon University offers counseling programs to support you at every step. With flexible learning options, including online and evening formats, GCU allows you to balance your education with other commitments. You will be taught by experienced faculty who bring years of experience and diverse perspectives into the classroom. Additionally, you will gain practical experience through practicum and internship opportunities that can help prepare you for your future career.
At Grand Canyon University, counseling education is more than academic; it’s a calling. As a Christian university, we integrate faith, compassion and service into every aspect of our programs. GCU strives to prepare students to become skilled professionals and ethical, empathetic leaders in their communities.
What differentiates GCU is its commitment to personal and professional development. Students are guided by experienced faculty who have diverse professional experiences, including trauma recovery, substance use counseling and marriage and family therapy. These instructors do not simply teach theory; they provide practical insights, mentor students through hands-on experiences, and exemplify the qualities that define exceptional counselors.
Dr. Galica emphasizes that GCU’s various modalities set it apart from other institutions. The counseling programs focus on evidence-based techniques, cultural competence and personal growth. Students participate in role-playing, case studies and supervised fieldwork that replicate the challenges they will face in their professional careers.
